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命令用 ln（link）命令用于在 Linux 系统中创建文件或目录的链接，分为硬链接和符号链接（软链接），常用于共享文件或为文件创建快捷方式

常用用法示例

  1. 创建硬链

    1
    ln file1.txt file1_hard

    硬链接与源文件共享相同的 inode，删除源文件不影响硬链接的访问

  2. 创建符号链接（软链接）

    1
    ln -s file1.txt file1_soft

    符号链接独立于源文件，删除源文件会导致软链接失效

  3. 创建目录的符号链

    1
    ln -s /var/log logs

    通过 ls -l 可查看链接指向：lrwxrwxrwx 1 user … logs -> /var/log

  4. 强制覆盖现有链接

    1
    ln -sf file2.txt file1_soft

    -f 参数用于覆盖已存在的链接文件

  5. 批量创建链接到指定目录

    1
    ln -s /path/to/files/*.conf /etc/

    适用于批量设置配置文件链接

  6. 显示链接创建过程的详细信息

    1
    2
    ln -sv file1.txt link_file
    'link_file' -> 'file1.txt'

    -v 参数会输出操作详情

  7. 避免误操作覆盖文件（交互模式）

    1
    2
    ln -si file1.txt existing_link
    ln: replace 'existing_link'? y

    -i 参数在覆盖前询问用户确认

  8. 创建相对路径的符号链接

    1
    ln -sr ../dir1/file.txt ./link_file

    -r 参数使链接路径为相对路径而非绝对路径

常用参数选项

  • -s, –symbolic
    创建符号链接而非硬链接
  • -f, –force
    强制覆盖已存在的目标文件
  • -i, –interactive
    覆盖前询问用户确认
  • -v, –verbose
    显示操作详细信息
  • -n, –no-dereference
    若目标是符号链接，将其视为普通文件而非引用其指向的内容
  • -r, –relative
    创建基于当前目录的相对路径符号链接
  • -b, –backup
    覆盖文件前创建备份（备份文件名默认添~ 后缀）
  • –backup=[控制参数]
    自定义备份方式（–backup=numbered 生成带数字的备份）

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NAME

       ln - make links between files

SYNOPSIS

       ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME
       ln [OPTION]... TARGET
       ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY
       ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET...

DESCRIPTION

       In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME.
       In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory.
       In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in
       DIRECTORY.  Create hard links by default, symbolic links with
       --symbolic.  By default, each destination (name of new link)
       should not already exist.  When creating hard links, each TARGET
       must exist.  Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later
       resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent
       directory.

       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short
       options too.

       --backup[=CONTROL]
              make a backup of each existing destination file

       -b     like --backup but does not accept an argument

       -d, -F, --directory
              allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories
              (this will probably fail due to system restrictions, even
              for the superuser)

       -f, --force
              remove existing destination files

       -i, --interactive
              prompt whether to remove destinations

       -L, --logical
              dereference TARGETs that are symbolic links

       -n, --no-dereference
              treat LINK_NAME as a normal file if it is a symbolic link
              to a directory

       -P, --physical
              make hard links directly to symbolic links

       -r, --relative
              with -s, create links relative to link location

       -s, --symbolic
              make symbolic links instead of hard links

       -S, --suffix=SUFFIX
              override the usual backup suffix

       -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY
              specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links

       -T, --no-target-directory
              treat LINK_NAME as a normal file always

       -v, --verbose
              print name of each linked file

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       The backup suffix is '~', unless set with --suffix or
       SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.  The version control method may be selected
       via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment
       variable.  Here are the values:

       none, off
              never make backups (even if --backup is given)

       numbered, t
              make numbered backups

       existing, nil
              numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise

       simple, never
              always make simple backups

       Using -s ignores -L and -P.  Otherwise, the last option specified
       controls behavior when a TARGET is a symbolic link, defaulting to
       -P.

AUTHOR

       Written by Mike Parker and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS

       GNU coreutils online help:
       <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       Report any translation bugs to
       <https://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright © 2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+:
       GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO

       link(2), symlink(2)

       Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ln>
       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ln invocation'

COLOPHON

       This page is part of the coreutils (basic file, shell and text
       manipulation utilities) project.  Information about the project
       can be found at ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/  If you
       have a bug report for this manual page, see
       ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/  This page was obtained
       from the tarball coreutils-9.6.tar.xz fetched from
       ⟨http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/on 2024-02-02.  If you
       discover any rendering problems in this HTML version of the page,
       or you believe there is a better or more up-to-date source for the
       page, or you have corrections or improvements to the information
       in this COLOPHON (which is not part of the original manual page),
       send a mail to man-pages@man7.org