dir命令

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命令用途

dir 是 Linux/Unix 系统中的一个非常常用的命令，用于列出目录中的文件和子目录内容。它默认按列显示文件和目录的名称，可以使用不同的参数选项来改变显示方式。

常用用法示例

1. 显示当前目录下的文件和子目录

   dir

   此命令列出当前工作目录中的所有文件和子目录，按列显示。

2. 显示指定目录的文件和子目录

   dir /home/user

   此命令列出 /home/user 目录中的所有文件和子目录。

3. 显示文件的详细信息（包括权限、所有者等）

   dir -l

   该命令与 ls -l 类似，显示目录内容的详细信息，包括文件的权限、所有者、大小、修改日期等。

4. 显示包括隐藏文件在内的所有文件和目录

   dir -a

   使用 -a 参数，列出目录中所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件（以点开头的文件）。

5. 显示文件或目录的排序（按时间排序）

   dir -t

   此命令按照文件或目录的最后修改时间进行排序，默认显示最新修改的文件或目录。

6. 显示目录内容并分页显示

   dir | less

   通过管道将输出结果传递给 less，实现分页显示，方便查看大量的目录内容。

7. 显示文件的详细信息，并按字母顺序排序

   dir -l -X

   使用 -l 显示详细信息，-X 按文件扩展名排序。

8. 显示目录内容并按文件大小排序

   dir -S

   此命令会将目录中的文件和子目录按大小排序，默认从大到小排序。

常用参数选项

• -a, –all
  显示所有文件，包括隐藏文件（以点开头的文件）。没有此选项时，默认不会显示隐藏文件。

• -l, –long
  显示详细的目录列表，包括文件的权限、所有者、大小、修改时间等信息。

• -t, –time
  按修改时间对文件或目录进行排序，默认按时间降序排列。

• -S
  按文件或目录的大小进行排序，默认从大到小。

• -X
  按文件的扩展名进行排序。

• -r, –reverse
  反向排序，即按升序显示文件和目录。

• -h, –human-readable
  以更易读的格式显示文件大小（如 KB、MB、GB 等）。

• -1
  每个文件或目录占据一行显示，适合查看大量内容。

原厂文档

NAME

       dir - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS

       dir [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

       List information about the FILEs (the current directory by
       default).  Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor
       --sort is specified.

       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short
       options too.

       -a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .

       -A, --almost-all
              do not list implied . and ..

       --author
              with -l, print the author of each file

       -b, --escape
              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters

       --block-size=SIZE
              with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them; e.g.,
              '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below

       -B, --ignore-backups
              do not list implied entries ending with ~

       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last change of
              file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by
              name; otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first

       -C     list entries by columns

       --color[=WHEN]
              color the output WHEN; more info below

       -d, --directory
              list directories themselves, not their contents

       -D, --dired
              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

       -f     same as -a -U

       -F, --classify[=WHEN]
              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries WHEN

       --file-type
              likewise, except do not append '*'

       --format=WORD
              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column
              -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

       --full-time
              like -l --time-style=full-iso

       -g     like -l, but do not list owner

       --group-directories-first
              group directories before files

       -G, --no-group
              in a long listing, don't print group names

       -h, --human-readable
              with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.

       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

       -H, --dereference-command-line
              follow symbolic links listed on the command line

       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
              follow each command line symbolic link that points to a
              directory

       --hide=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
              (overridden by -a or -A)

       --hyperlink[=WHEN]
              hyperlink file names WHEN

       --indicator-style=WORD
              append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none
              (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify
              (-F)

       -i, --inode
              print the index number of each file

       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

       -k, --kibibytes
              default to 1024-byte blocks for file system usage; used
              only with -s and per directory totals

       -l     use a long listing format

       -L, --dereference
              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show
              information for the file the link references rather than
              for the link itself

       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries

       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

       -N, --literal
              print entry names without quoting

       -o     like -l, but do not list group information

       -p, --indicator-style=slash
              append / indicator to directories

       -q, --hide-control-chars
              print ? instead of nongraphic characters

       --show-control-chars
              show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless
              program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)

       -Q, --quote-name
              enclose entry names in double quotes

       --quoting-style=WORD
              use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale,
              shell, shell-always, shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c,
              escape (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)

       -r, --reverse
              reverse order while sorting

       -R, --recursive
              list subdirectories recursively

       -s, --size
              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

       -S     sort by file size, largest first

       --sort=WORD
              change default 'name' sort to WORD: none (-U), size (-S),
              time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X), name, width

       --time=WORD
              select which timestamp used to display or sort; access time
              (-u): atime, access, use; metadata change time (-c): ctime,
              status; modified time (default): mtime, modification; birth
              time: birth, creation;

              with -l, WORD determines which time to show; with
              --sort=time, sort by WORD (newest first)

       --time-style=TIME_STYLE
              time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below

       -t     sort by time, newest first; see --time

       -T, --tabsize=COLS
              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

       -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show
              access time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access
              time, newest first

       -U     do not sort directory entries

       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text

       -w, --width=COLS
              set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit

       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns

       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension

       -Z, --context
              print any security context of each file

       --zero end each output line with NUL, not newline

       -1     list one file per line

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is
       10*1024).  Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y,R,Q (powers of 1024) or
       KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).  Binary prefixes can be used, too:
       KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on.

       The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or
       +FORMAT.  FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1).  If FORMAT is
       FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
       and FORMAT2 to recent files.  TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-'
       takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.  Also the TIME_STYLE
       environment variable sets the default style to use.

       The WHEN argument defaults to 'always' and can also be 'auto' or
       'never'.

       Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default
       and with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes
       only when standard output is connected to a terminal.  The
       LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings.  Use the
       dircolors(1) command to set it.

   Exit status:
       0      if OK,

       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),

       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line
              argument).

AUTHOR

       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS

       GNU coreutils online help:
       <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       Report any translation bugs to
       <https://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright © 2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+:
       GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO

       Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/dir>
       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) dir invocation'

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